Methodology

        The corner stone of “Death metals II” is the capacity to efficiently and meticulously documented metals from all known Bronze Age funerary contexts of the ECB. Burial grounds with metals were gathered in broad strokes in Death and Memory, according to which 58 are located in 13 counties from Romania, 37 are in the five eastern counties of Hungary and nine in the Serbian Banat. The original approach, to gather all metal finds from funerary contexts of a major region, offers multiple innovative approaches to the study of metals. Firstly, the relative chronologies within the regions can be verified, as all the metal finds are from features created as a result of an action perpetrated in a very brief timespan, i.e. graves, and not as a result of a lengthy deposition. Secondly, coupled with the osseous analysis trends are noted, which associated with the precise dates resulted from the radiocarbon dating can offer an accurate picture of cultural change and appropriations of objects in the ECB.

         Some methods which involve the use of absolute dating systems, albeit novel, are nevertheless established as reliable means for building high resolution chronologies. This presumes the enlistment of Bayesian statistics to sets of radiocarbon data. The OxCal software is employed to calibrate these dates and to fine tune 14C datasets. This is very different, from the ‘traditional’ methodology, where at the best numeric calibrated dates have been compared and structured by visual means, without any proper statistical analysis. The second method is the use of the statistical analysis of kinship, which relies on sequencing of full genome at the world leading institution in Jena. Through aDNA analysis mobility of individuals is equivocally established and interpretations of cultural entanglements are substantiated.

      Since regional, relative chronologies are a big part of the problem, the methodology of using types of shapes of metals, and their associated decorations as aids in establishing the flow and depth of time in the present project is only partially used. Instead, radiocarbon dating and their analysis through the innovative Bayesian statistics are employed. Furthermore, in recent years huge advances on the analysis of aDNA allow for very accurate determinations of kinships. The timelines of the present work is further emphasised by the accumulation of big data on full genome at world-leading facilities like the Max Planck Institute in Jena.

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